The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. Japan has a long history of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. " Comics are popular reading material."). " Comics is a visual art form."), but becomes plural when referring to works collectively (e.g. The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium itself (e.g. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of their history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and academics. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era (1945–) with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning ( manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished, particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially France and Belgium), and Japan. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comic albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, while online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. Common forms include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Cartooning and other forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics fumetti is a form that uses photographic images. There is no consensus among theorists and historians on a definition of comics some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. Textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia can indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. It typically takes the form of a sequence of panels of images. Comics is a medium used to express ideas with images, often combined with text or other visual information.
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